命名规范: flow control: example: defer 是LIFO的结构,defer 函数会在函数出栈的时候执行,但是defer 参数的执行会立马执行,就能以一种较优雅方式来实现函数tracking 例子: output: entering: b new 和 make关键字 slice 和 array array 是值,赋值和函数传参都会导致拷贝值,而想要不经常拷贝值,请用slice array 的size 是其中的一部分属性, The size of an array is part of its type. The types map 获取 map 中不存在的值,返回的是默认值,不是nil, 例如 int 的默认值是0,struct 的默认值就是 {} 空的 struct go风格中获取是否存在map中的key, 可以通过 关于默认值和nil go中默认值和nil 是不一样的,某些类型,如int 的默认值为0,可以想象到的基本类型的默认值 为基本默认值,如bool,float64,string等,而struct的默认值都不为nil,为{} ,默认值为nil的 类型,有slice,map,channel,interface,point等,编译器会提示不能和nil相等的都不会为nil print 关于一个比较trick的地方,string的方法,如何输出内容,比较容易出错的地方 Method, value vs points 关于 是 value绑定method,还是pointer 绑定method 有两种不同的表现 用指针绑定struct 的函数,也更方便成实现既有接口的函数,例如很多自带接口,都会返回 err信息以及其他,所以实现这类接口,一般用的都是 pointer,举个例子:Writer 接口 interface and method 4. 即使是函数type 也能实现接口,这个在http 包里面有所体现,看起来有点奇怪但是却实用 函数type也可以实现接口,这个比较巧妙的做法 接口内嵌,或者说继承概念,可以通过, concurrency go 里面的闭包的概念,和其他语言类似,函数里面调用了其他子函数,子函数能利用的信息是父函数传入的相关信息 func Announce(message string, delay time.Duration) { go func() { time.Sleep(delay) fmt.Println(message) }() // Note the parentheses – must call the function. } 关于 for range 里面的,for 循环里面的variable 是共享变量, 有时候要注意其值的拷贝 举一例子: channel error error 接口方法, Error() string ,如何保持应该有的信息,和原来的error信息,可以使用组合的方式保持原有error信息, for example: panic and recover panic 表示的是没有预料到的异常,可以通过 直接在defer 函数里面 调用 recover() 函数来停止这种异常的持续向上抛出,通过这种方式,不影响整体程序的运行. panic的处理,可以通过 type 方式来只处理,自己有意直接抛出的panic,然后其他的panic继续向上抛出,直至有人捕获或者直接退出
src/encoding/base64
is imported as "encoding/base64"
but has name base64
, not encoding_base64
and not encodingBase64
.
func shouldEscape(c byte) bool { switch c { case ‘ ‘, ‘?’, ‘&’, ‘=’, ‘#’, ‘+’, ‘%’: return true } return false }
package main import "fmt" func trace(s string) string { fmt.Println("entering:", s) return s } func un(s string) { fmt.Println("leaving:", s) } func a() { defer un(trace("a")) fmt.Println("in a") } func b() { defer un(trace("b")) fmt.Println("in b") a() } func main() { b() }
in b
entering: a
in a
leaving: a
leaving: b
T
(not *T
). 但是这不意味着,这些结构在传参的时候,会进行值拷贝,因为以map为例 ,map本身其实是一个指针type,传参也不会拷贝map里面的值,导致性能消耗。[10]int
and [20]int
are distinct.
_, present := timeZone[tz] ,第二个参数为是否存在,前面的为值 类型转换的参数传参 .(type) 返回第二个参数也为辅助判断是否ok的参数,error也是在返回的第二个参数,由此可得,go风格中,辅助判断是否获取结果成功的参数一般为第二个位置,第一个位置一般是想要的结果,通过判断第二个参数得出第一个结果是否成功拿到
type ByteSlice []byte func (slice ByteSlice) Append(data []byte) []byte { // Body exactly the same as the Append function defined above. } This still requires the method to return the updated slice. We can eliminate that clumsiness by redefining the method to take a pointer to a ByteSlice as its receiver, so the method can overwrite the caller's slice. func (p *ByteSlice) Append(data []byte) { slice := *p // Body as above, without the return. *p = slice }
func (p *ByteSlice) Write(data []byte) (n int, err error) { slice := *p // Again as above. *p = slice return len(data), nil } then the type *ByteSlice satisfies the standard interface io.Writer, which is handy. For instance, we can print into one. var b ByteSlice fmt.Fprintf(&b, "This hour has %d daysn", 7)
// The HandlerFunc type is an adapter to allow the use of // ordinary functions as HTTP handlers. If f is a function // with the appropriate signature, HandlerFunc(f) is a // Handler object that calls f. type HandlerFunc func(ResponseWriter, *Request) // ServeHTTP calls f(w, req). func (f HandlerFunc) ServeHTTP(w ResponseWriter, req *Request) { f(w, req) } // Argument server. func ArgServer(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) { fmt.Fprintln(w, os.Args) } ArgServer now has same signature as HandlerFunc, so it can be converted to that type to access its methods http.Handle("/args", http.HandlerFunc(ArgServer)) 所以,这个的封装,可以用在http 包下的server函数 func (mux *ServeMux) Handle(pattern string, handler Handler)
type Reader interface { Read(p []byte) (n int, err error) } type Writer interface { Write(p []byte) (n int, err error) } // ReadWriter is the interface that combines the Reader and Writer interfaces. type ReadWriter interface { Reader Writer } struct 实现组合接口时候,可以考虑组合实现, type ReadWriter struct { reader *Reader writer *Writer } 当然需要先初始化里面的内部组件值.
func Serve(queue chan *Request) { for req := range queue { sem <- 1 go func(req *Request) { process(req) <-sem }(req) } } Compare this version with the previous to see the difference in how the closure is declared and run. Another solution is just to create a new variable with the same name, as in this example: func Serve(queue chan *Request) { for req := range queue { req := req // Create new instance of req for the goroutine. sem <- 1 go func() { process(req) <-sem }() } }
tmpFun := func(aChan chan int, comment string) { fmt.Println(comment) select { case a1 := <-aChan: fmt.Println(a1) case <-time.After(10 * time.Second): fmt.Println("time out") //default: // fmt.Println("default value") } 相比 a1:=<- aChan 只能阻塞多了几个选项
// PathError records an error and the operation and // file path that caused it. type PathError struct { Op string // "open", "unlink", etc. Path string // The associated file. Err error // Returned by the system call. } func (e *PathError) Error() string { return e.Op + " " + e.Path + ": " + e.Err.Error() }
// Error is the type of a parse error; it satisfies the error interface. type Error string func (e Error) Error() string { return string(e) } // error is a method of *Regexp that reports parsing errors by // panicking with an Error. func (regexp *Regexp) error(err string) { panic(Error(err)) } // Compile returns a parsed representation of the regular expression. func Compile(str string) (regexp *Regexp, err error) { regexp = new(Regexp) // doParse will panic if there is a parse error. defer func() { if e := recover(); e != nil { regexp = nil // Clear return value. err = e.(Error) // Will re-panic if not a parse error. } }() return regexp.doParse(str), nil }
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